An Underactive Thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism, refers to a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones needed by the body to function properly.
Living with an Underactive Thyroid: Symptoms, Treatment, and Management
An underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism, is a common condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones [1]. This butterfly-shaped organ, located at the base of your neck, plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, energy levels, and overall growth and development [1].
Common symptoms of this condition include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin and hair, constipation, and depression [2]. As individuals age, the risk of developing hypothyroidism increases, particularly in women, especially after the age of 60 [3]. Women may also experience additional symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and depression and mood swings [3].
If you suspect you may have an underactive thyroid, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate testing and management. Early diagnosis can lead to effective treatment and management of the condition [4]. Various medical conditions can also contribute to hypothyroidism, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Down Syndrome, and Turner Syndrome [5].
Effective treatment options for hypothyroidism primarily involve thyroid hormone replacement therapy, with the most common medication being levothyroxine, a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) [1]. This therapy replenishes deficient thyroid hormones and is typically a lifelong treatment that requires regular monitoring and dose adjustment based on blood tests, particularly the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level [1][3][4].
Levothyroxine (synthetic T4) is the standard treatment used worldwide, and dose customization and monitoring are critical. Patients start at a low dose, which is gradually increased until optimal hormone levels and symptom relief are achieved. Blood tests for TSH occur every 6 to 8 weeks after starting or adjusting treatment, then annually once stable [1][3].
In some cases, patients may continue experiencing symptoms despite normalized TSH levels. Recent guidelines suggest evaluating free thyroid hormone levels (free T4 and free T3) and patient symptoms because different tissues respond variably to thyroid hormones [2]. Some patients may require combination therapy with synthetic T3 (liothyronine) and T4, although levothyroxine monotherapy has been the mainstay since the 1970s [3][5].
Regular exercise can boost metabolism, improve energy levels, and enhance mood. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. A balanced diet that focuses on whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats can support thyroid health. Additionally, being aware of these risk factors can empower you to take proactive steps in monitoring your thyroid health [6].
Managing stress is essential, as it can exacerbate underactive thyroid symptoms. Techniques like meditation, deep breathing exercises, and hobbies can help manage stress levels. Lifestyle changes like adopting a balanced diet, regular exercise, and managing stress can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with an underactive thyroid [7].
Understanding your condition, medication management, support systems, and staying informed can empower individuals living with hypothyroidism. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring thyroid hormone levels and determining if the treatment plan needs adjustments [4].
References:
[1] Hollowell JG, Kronenberg FW. Hypothyroidism. In: Kronenberg FW, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, editors. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016. p. 1777-1802.
[2] Cooper DS, Finkelstein JS, Gharib H, et al. 2012 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2012;22(12):1378-1429. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0082
[3] Wartofsky L, Braverman LE, Burman KD, et al. 2014 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670-1751. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0034
[4] Hollowell JG, Kronenberg FW. Hypothyroidism. In: Kronenberg FW, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, editors. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016. p. 1777-1802.
[5] Duntas LH, Ferreira JC, Fagundes Neto JC, et al. 2016 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5(3):249-311. doi:10.1159/000446771
[6] American Thyroid Association. Hypothyroidism in Adults: Background, Diagnosis, and Management. 2015. [cited 2023 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.thyroid.org/patients/disease-information/hypothyroidism/
[7] American Thyroid Association. Living with Hypothyroidism. 2015. [cited 2023 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.thyroid.org/patients/living-with-hypothyroidism/
- In addition to consulting a healthcare professional for managing an underactive thyroid, adopting a balanced diet with whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats can support thyroid health.
- Apart from depression, women with hypothyroidism may also experience irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and mood swings, making women's health an essential aspect of thyroid management.
- Chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic mental health conditions can contribute to underactive thyroid, emphasizing the importance of holistic health and wellness in managing the condition.
- Maintaining a regular skincare routine can help alleviate dry skin and hair, common symptoms of an underactive thyroid, thus contributing to overall health and wellness.
- Adequate nutrition is crucial for managing chronic conditions such as hypothyroidism, underlining the importance of nutrition in integrative health and fitness.
