Genetic Modification's Role in Conserving Variety in Nature
In a recent publication titled "Genome engineering in biodiversity conservation and restoration," researchers from several universities and organizations have discussed the ethical, societal, and economic considerations of using genome editing technology for conservation efforts.
Ethical Considerations
The potential of genome editing technology to rectify past human harm to species and restore lost genetic diversity presents a significant opportunity for endangered species. By increasing adaptability and survival chances, this technology could benefit species facing extinction. However, concerns about unintended ecological consequences and the moral implications of modifying wild genomes are also prevalent. The principle that genome editing is not a "magical fix" and must be integrated carefully with existing conservation practices, ensuring species protection remains the priority, is crucial.
Societal Considerations
Public acceptance and trust in genome editing for conservation are essential, and this depends on transparent communication about the goals, methods, and safeguards of the technology. Engaging diverse stakeholders, including indigenous communities, conservationists, policymakers, and the public, in the decision-making process is vital to reflect different values and priorities. The potential for this technology to inspire new partnerships and investment in conservation programs is significant.
Economic Considerations
The economic implications of genome editing for conservation focus on attracting new investors and expertise, thereby increasing funding and innovation in endangered species programs. However, the costs and resource requirements of gene editing technology can be substantial. Balancing investments between gene editing initiatives and established conservation strategies is essential, recognising gene engineering as a complement rather than a replacement.
A Path Forward
A multidisciplinary, precautionary approach to implementing genome editing in biodiversity conservation is necessary, leveraging its capacity to restore lost genetic variation while carefully evaluating ecological risks, ethical implications, societal impacts, and economic sustainability.
In the current geological era, known as the "Anthropocene," human dominance over Earth's ecosystems is evident. Companies such as Ginkgo Bioworks, a leader in conservation genomics, could be key partners for public programs and private environmental NGOs to implement conservation strategies.
While traditional conservation strategies, such as natural reserves, protection of hunted animals, and reproduction in zoos, have helped save some species, they have often resulted in a loss of genetic diversity. Genome analysis and gene editing technology can bring back lost genes into the gene pool of endangered species, with potential applications including restoring lost genetic variation, improving adaptation, and reducing harmful mutations.
However, the risks of genome editing technology are not insignificant. The technology may not perform as intended, leading to off-target genetic modifications and creating extra-harmful mutations. The focus on reproduction for modified individuals may inadvertently lead to further reductions in genetic diversity. Genomic erosion, a concentration of a higher load of harmful mutations, can lead to the extinction of a species or leave it genetically compromised with reduced resilience to future threats.
Unintended expression or effects of reintroduced genes could lead to unwanted new traits in endangered species, potentially causing further harm or ecological damage. De-extinction, the concept of reintroducing extinct species through gene editing, presents unique challenges. De-extinction usually involves creating embryos of the extinct species and having them carried to term by related species, a method already being used for the white rhinoceros.
Colossal Biosciences, a company supporting de-extinction, made headlines for its partial recreation of the dire wolf and plans to recreate the woolly mammoth. However, many species have been pushed towards extinction due to habitat destruction, over-hunting, and other ecological damages. The Mauritian pink pigeon, a bird native to Mauritius Island, was brought back from the edge of extinction through breeding in captivity and reintroduction to its natural habitat, but genetic studies reveal that it might face extinction within the next 50-100 years due to genomic erosion.
In conclusion, while genome editing technology offers an emerging alternative to restore genetic diversity in a population whose gene pool has gone through a bottleneck event, careful consideration and rigorous long-term monitoring of evolutionary and ecological impacts are necessary. Scientists recommend phased, small-scale trials to minimise risks and ensure the technology serves its intended purpose: to preserve and protect our planet's biodiversity.
Science and health-and-wellness aspects of genome editing technology can be seen in its potential to address medical-conditions in wildlife, such as restoring lost genetic variation, improving adaptation, and reducing harmful mutations in endangered species. Space-and-astronomy relevance lies in the possibility of this technology being used to study and preserve the biodiversity in extraterrestrial environments, which could have implications for future space missions and our understanding of life beyond Earth.
